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    • Computes the pivotal altitude - the altitude above the ground at which a ground reference point appears to remain stationary on the wingtip during a turn. This altitude is used for eights-on-pylons and other ground reference maneuvers.

      Pivotal altitude depends only on groundspeed and is independent of bank angle or wind direction. It changes as groundspeed changes (e.g. with headwind/tailwind components during the maneuver).

      Formula: pivotal altitude = GS^2 / (11.3 * g), where GS is in knots and g = 32.174 ft/s^2. Simplified: PA_ft = GS_kt^2 / 11.3.

      The constant 11.3 arises from converting knots to ft/s and dividing by g: (1 kt = 1.6878 ft/s), so (1.6878)^2 / 32.174 = 0.08852, and 1/0.08852 = 11.3.

      Parameters

      • groundSpeedKt: number

        Groundspeed in knots.

      Returns number

      Pivotal altitude in feet AGL.